Hello,
I’ve had the same problem, with Archlinux
- unzip the file cocos2d-x-3.17.zip in my source directories
- creating linux-build sub-directory in ~/sources/cocos2d-x-3.17/build.
- creating makefiles with
cmake ../.. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release(i had built also Debug version with no changes later)
make -j 5
Then, when i want to launch sample (lua, C++ or Javascript), i get the same error:
~/sources/cocos2d-x-3.17/build/linux-build/bin/Release/cpp-tests$ ./cpp-tests
./cpp-tests: error while loading shared libraries: /home/linox/sources/cocos2d-x-3.17/external/linux-specific/fmod/prebuilt/64-bit/libfmod.so.6: file too short
Going to the prebuilt files for fmod, i see that the versioned lib files are not symlinks as it should be, but text files containing the name of the lib.
~/sources/cocos2d-x-3.17/external/linux-specific/fmod/prebuilt/64-bit$ file *
libfmodL.so: ELF 64-bit LSB pie executable x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, BuildID[sha1]=bf0431418a9ee1ef4a3b6f5ce043aa1d998b71bb, stripped
libfmodL.so.6: ASCII text, with no line terminators
libfmod.so: ELF 64-bit LSB pie executable x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, BuildID[sha1]=f50320fe8853360a3d1526fdfea8e4c63fdd15f9, stripped
libfmod.so.6: ASCII text, with no line terminators
~/sources/cocos2d-x-3.17/external/linux-specific/fmod/prebuilt/64-bit$ for i in *6; do echo "file \"$i\" contains: $(cat $i)"; done
file "libfmodL.so.6" contains: libfmodL.so
file "libfmod.so.6" contains: libfmod.so
The solution is to to remove the numbered files, and to symlink them to the matching library:
~/sources/cocos2d-x-3.17/external/linux-specific/fmod/prebuilt/64-bit$ rm *so.6
~/sources/cocos2d-x-3.17/external/linux-specific/fmod/prebuilt/64-bit$ ln -s libfmodL.so libfmodL.so.6
~/sources/cocos2d-x-3.17/external/linux-specific/fmod/prebuilt/64-bit$ ln -s libfmod.so libfmod.so.6
And it works, as you can see, the rpath linking is working:
~/sources/cocos2d-x-3.17/build/linux-build/bin/Release/cpp-tests$ ldd cpp-tests | grep -i fmod
libfmod.so.6 => /home/linox/sources/cocos2d-x-3.17/external/linux-specific/fmod/prebuilt/64-bit/libfmod.so.6 (0x00007ff8b793c000)
I believe that linux users without problems on this one are those with fmod libs already installed. As they are found in the LD path (usually /usr/lib), rpath hardcoded lib is not used. Well, i think 
Thank you for reading